Compensation of damages from infringement of competition law

On November 28, 2025, the Dutch Supreme Court (Hoge Raad) issued rulings in cases ECLI:NL:HR:2025:1761 (and related, e.g., 1764), addressing follow-on damages claims against elevator manufacturers Kone and Otis stemming from the EU Commission’s 2007 decision fining a cartel in the elevators and escalators sector. Stichting De Glazen Lift (DGL),...

Limited Liability Company: Who Bears Responsibility for the Company’s Operations?

A limited liability company (LLC) is one of the most common forms of business organization. This is primarily due to its relatively simple incorporation process, low minimum foundation capital and flexible organizational structure. For these reasons, this type of company is most frequently chosen by small and medium-sized enterprises, as...